Reading Comprehension

Read the passages given below and answer that follows each passage.

One simple physical concept lies behind the formation of the star : gravitational instability. The concept is not new. Newton first perceived it late in the 17th Century. Imagine a uniform , static cloud of gas in space. Imagine then that the gas is somehow disturbed so that one small spherical region becomes a little denser than the gas around it so that the small region's gravitational field becomes slightly stronger. It now attracts more matter to it and its gravity increases further, causing it to begin to contract. As it contracts its density increased, which increases its gravity even more, so that it picks up even more matter and contracts even further. The process continues until the small region of gas finally forms a gravitationally bound object.

The primary purpose of the passage is to:

Read the following passage care fully and answer the given questions.

Cyber-world is ultimately ungovernable. This is alarming as well as convenient; sometimes, convenient because alarming. Some Indian politicians-use it to great advantage. When there is an obvious failure in governance during a crisis they deflect attention from their own incompetence towards the ungovernable. So, having failed to prevent nervous citizens from fleeing their cities of work by assuring them of proper protection, some national leaders are now busy trying to prove to one another, and to panic-prone Indians, that a mischievous neighbour has been using the internet and social networking sites to spread dangerous rumours. And the Centre's automatic reaction is to start blocking these sites and begin elaborate and potentially endless negotiations with Google, Twitter and Facebook about access to information. If this is the official idea of prompt action at a time of crisis among communities, then Indians have more reason to fear their protectors than the nebulous mischief-makers of the cyber-world. Wasting time gathering proof, blocking vaguely suspicious websites, hurling accusations across the border and worrying about bilateral relations are ways of keeping busy with inessentials because one does not quite know what to do about the essentials of a difficult situation. Besides, only a fifth of the 245 websites blocked by the Centre mention the people of the Northeast or the violence in Assam. And if a few morphed images and spurious texts can unsettle an entire nation, then there is something deeply wrong with the nation and with how it is being governed. This is what its leaders should be addressing immediately, rather than making a wrongheaded display of their powers of censorship.

It is just as absurd, and part of the same syndrome, to try to ban Twitter accounts that parody despatches from the Prime Minister's Office. To describe such forms of humour and dissent as "misrepresenting" the PMO as if Twitterers would take these parodies for genuine despatches from the PMO makes the PMO look more ridiculous than its parodists manage to. With the precedent for such action set recently by the chief minister of West Bengal, this is yet another proof that what Bengal thinks today India will think tomorrow. Using the cyber-world for flexing the wrong headed is essentially not funny. It might even prove to be quite dangerously distracting.

The author warns us against

Read the following passage care fully and answer the given questions.

Cyber-world is ultimately ungovernable. This is alarming as well as convenient; sometimes, convenient because alarming. Some Indian politicians-use it to great advantage. When there is an obvious failure in governance during a crisis they deflect attention from their own incompetence towards the ungovernable. So, having failed to prevent nervous citizens from fleeing their cities of work by assuring them of proper protection, some national leaders are now busy trying to prove to one another, and to panic-prone Indians, that a mischievous neighbour has been using the internet and social networking sites to spread dangerous rumours. And the Centre's automatic reaction is to start blocking these sites and begin elaborate and potentially endless negotiations with Google, Twitter and Facebook about access to information. If this is the official idea of prompt action at a time of crisis among communities, then Indians have more reason to fear their protectors than the nebulous mischief-makers of the cyber-world. Wasting time gathering proof, blocking vaguely suspicious websites, hurling accusations across the border and worrying about bilateral relations are ways of keeping busy with inessentials because one does not quite know what to do about the essentials of a difficult situation. Besides, only a fifth of the 245 websites blocked by the Centre mention the people of the Northeast or the violence in Assam. And if a few morphed images and spurious texts can unsettle an entire nation, then there is something deeply wrong with the nation and with how it is being governed. This is what its leaders should be addressing immediately, rather than making a wrongheaded display of their powers of censorship.

It is just as absurd, and part of the same syndrome, to try to ban Twitter accounts that parody despatches from the Prime Minister's Office. To describe such forms of humour and dissent as "misrepresenting" the PMO as if Twitterers would take these parodies for genuine despatches from the PMO makes the PMO look more ridiculous than its parodists manage to. With the precedent for such action set recently by the chief minister of West Bengal, this is yet another proof that what Bengal thinks today India will think tomorrow. Using the cyber-world for flexing the wrong headed is essentially not funny. It might even prove to be quite dangerously distracting.

Similar word of 'Parody' as used in passage is-

In the following passage from some words have been left out. First read the passage over and try to understand what it is about. Then fill in the blanks with the help of the alternatives given. Mark your answer.

The joint family gave way to the nuclear family. Despite the ___(1) that it offers, children feel neglected, lonely and frustrated leading to psychiatrist problems, pressures and ___(2). A cross-section of children is interviewed, and they matter-of-factly pin-pointed problems, at the same time ___(3) showing the way to plausible solutions. Tell your children about your work. Young as they are, they ___(4) where you have been all day. Explain to them “Mummy has a teaching job.” She teaches little children to read and write or Dad works in a factory. The factory makes scooters. At least now the child develops a mental picture of how you spend the day. There develops a certain ___(5) in that knowledge.

Choose the correct option for (3)

In question given below, you have two passage with 5 questions in each passage. Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to each question out of four alternatives and mark your answer.

Passage I
The World Health organisation is briefly called W.H.O. it is specialised agency of the United Nations and was established in 1948.
International health workers can be seen working in all kinds of surroundings : in deserts, jungles, mountains, coconut groves, and rice fields. They help the sick to attain health and healthy to maintain their health.
This global health team assists the local health workers in stopping the spread of what are called communicable diseases, like cholera. These diseases can spread from one country to another and so can be a threat to world health.
W.H.O. assists different national health authorities not only in controlling diseases but also in preventing them altogether. Total prevention of diseases is possible in a number of ways. Everyone knows how people particularly children, are vaccinated against one disease or another. Similarly, most people are familiar with the spraying of houses with poisonous substances which kill disease carrying insects.
Passage II
Why don't I have a telephone? Not because I pretend to be wise or pose as unusual. There are to chief reasons, because I don't really like the telephone, and because I find I can still work and play, eat breathe, and sleep without it. Why don't I like the telephone ? Because I think it is a pest and time waster. It may create unnecessary suspense and anxiety, as when you wait for an expected call, that doesn't come, or irritating delay, as when you keep ringing a number that is always engaged. As for speaking in a public telephone booth, it seems to me really horrible. You would not use it unless you were in a hurry and because you are in a hurry, you will find other people waiting before you. When you do get into the booth, you are half suffocated by the stale, unventilated air, flavoured with cheap face powder and chain-smoking, and by the time you have begun your conversation your back is chilled by the cold looks of somebody who is moving about restlessly to take your place.
If you have a telephone in your house you will admit that it tends to ring when you least want it to ring when you are asleep or in the middle of a meal or conversation or when you are just going out, or when you are in your bath. Are you strong-minded enough to ignore it, to say to yourself. "Ah well it will be all the same in a hundred years time". You are not. You think there may be some important news or message for you. Have you never rushed dripping from the bath of chewing from the table, or dazed from bed, only to be told that you are a wrong number ? You were told the truth. In my opinion all telephone numbers are wrong numbers. If of course your telephone ring, and you decide not to answer it, then you will have to listen to an idiotic bell ringing and ringing in what is supposed to be the privacy of your own home. You might as well buy a bicycle bell and ring it yourself.

Ah well, it will be all the same in a hundred years time. This sentence means...

Directions: Read the passage given below and fill in the blanks with the suitable option.

The joint family gave way to the nuclear family. Despite the ___(1)___ that it offers, children feel neglected, lonely and frustrated leading to psychiatrist problems, pressures and ___(2)___. A cross-section of children is interviewed, and they matter-of-factly pin-pointed problems, at the same time ___(3)___ showing the way to plausible solutions. Tell your children about your work. Young as they are, they ___(4)___ where you have been all day. Explain to them “Mummy has a teaching job.” She teaches little children to read and write or Father works in a factory. The factory makes scooters. At least now the child develops a mental picture of how you spend the day. There develops a certain ___(5)___ in that knowledge.

Select an appropriate word for blank 1.

In the following passage from some of the words have been left out. First read the passage over and try to understand what it is about. Then fill in the blanks with the help of the alternatives given. Mark your answer.

The joint family gave way to the nuclear family. Despite the ___(1) that it offers, children feel neglected, lonely and frustrated leading to psychiatrist problems, pressures and ___(2). A cross-section of children were interviewed, and they matter-of-factly pin-pointed problems, at the same time ___(3) showing the way to plausible solutions. Tell your children about your work. Young as they are, they ___(4) where you have been all day. Explain to them “Mummy has a teaching job.” She teaches little children to read and write or Daddy works in a factory. The factory makes scooters. At least now the child develops a mental picture of how you spend the day. There develops a certain ___(5) in that knowledge.

Choose the correct option for (5)

In the following passage from some words have been left out. First read the passage over and try to understand what it is about. Then fill in the blanks with the help of the alternatives given. Mark your answer.

The joint family gave way to the nuclear family. Despite the ___(1) that it offers, children feel neglected, lonely and frustrated leading to psychiatrist problems, pressures and ___(2). A cross-section of children is interviewed, and they matter-of-factly pin-pointed problems, at the same time ___(3) showing the way to plausible solutions. Tell your children about your work. Young as they are, they ___(4) where you have been all day. Explain to them “Mummy has a teaching job.” She teaches little children to read and write or Dad works in a factory. The factory makes scooters. At least now the child develops a mental picture of how you spend the day. There develops a certain ___(5) in that knowledge.

Choose the correct option for (4)

Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.

In modifying its recommendation concerning Justice AA. Kureshi, the Supreme Court Collegium appears to have succumbed to pressure from the Union government. Modifying its resolution of May $10$ that the senior judge be appointed Chief Justice of the Madhya Pradesh High Court, the Collegium has now decided to send him to the Tripura High Court. (A) It was quite $\left(1\right)$ apparent that the Centre was $\left(2\right)$ transfer to the elevation of Justice Kureshi, who is from the Gujarat High Court, but $\left(3\right)$serving in the Bombay High Court on $\left(4\right)$ averse. The government did not act on the recommendation for months, raising the suspicion that it was blocking his appointment. The Collegium modified its decision after considering letters from the Department of Justice on August $23 \mathrm{and} 27$, and "accompanying material". It is not known if the controversy has ended. It is possible that the Collegium and the Centre have arrived at a compromise under which the government drops its opposition to his appointment as Chief Justice on the condition that he is sent to a smaller high court. However, until his appointment as head of the Tripura High Court is notified, there will be _____(B)_____ doubt on whether the latest resolution is in line with the Centre's approval. Under the current procedure, the Collegium may reconsider a recommendation, but the government is bound to implement a decision that is reiterated. (C)/ It is quite acceptable if the Collegium and the government resolve there differences through consultation and correspondence, but the final decision should not be opaque, mysterious and indicative of executive pressure. It is common to charge the Collegium with lack of transparency, but in this case, the government is equally guilty. If the Law Ministry had a bona-fide objection to Justice Kureshi, it could have disclosed its opinion on his suitability. The failure to do so has the inevitable consequence of the public imagination concluding that the ruling party is blocking his elevation because of judicial orders he had passed while serving in Gujarat. As for the Collegium, it is unclear why it could not have disclosed what the government had wanted in its communications. This episode makes a dent in the prevailing narrative that the Collegium system is a shield against executive interference in judicial appointments. The time may have come for the two sides to come up with fresh clauses in the existing procedure of appointments under which Collegium's decisions are (D) fatigable within a time-frame, and the government's objections and reservations, if any, are made public. Only then can the credibility deficit be bridged. But, even so, what is indisputable is that the Collegium system is deeply flawed, and is in need of urgent remedy.

The sentence given in (A) han four words given in bold. Amongst the given bold words which of the following must replace each other to make the sentence contextually correct and meaningful.

Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.

In modifying its recommendation concerning Justice AA. Kureshi, the Supreme Court Collegium appears to have succumbed to pressure from the Union government. Modifying its resolution of May $10$ that the senior judge be appointed Chief Justice of the Madhya Pradesh High Court, the Collegium has now decided to send him to the Tripura High Court. (A) It was quite $\left(1\right)$ apparent that the Centre was $\left(2\right)$ transfer to the elevation of Justice Kureshi, who is from the Gujarat High Court, but $\left(3\right)$serving in the Bombay High Court on $\left(4\right)$ averse. The government did not act on the recommendation for months, raising the suspicion that it was blocking his appointment. The Collegium modified its decision after considering letters from the Department of Justice on August $23 \mathrm{and} 27$, and "accompanying material". It is not known if the controversy has ended. It is possible that the Collegium and the Centre have arrived at a compromise under which the government drops its opposition to his appointment as Chief Justice on the condition that he is sent to a smaller high court. However, until his appointment as head of the Tripura High Court is notified, there will be _____(B)_____ doubt on whether the latest resolution is in line with the Centre's approval. Under the current procedure, the Collegium may reconsider a recommendation, but the government is bound to implement a decision that is reiterated. (C)/ It is quite acceptable if the Collegium and the government resolve there differences through consultation and correspondence, but the final decision should not be opaque, mysterious and indicative of executive pressure. It is common to charge the Collegium with lack of transparency, but in this case, the government is equally guilty. If the Law Ministry had a bona-fide objection to Justice Kureshi, it could have disclosed its opinion on his suitability. The failure to do so has the inevitable consequence of the public imagination concluding that the ruling party is blocking his elevation because of judicial orders he had passed while serving in Gujarat. As for the Collegium, it is unclear why it could not have disclosed what the government had wanted in its communications. This episode makes a dent in the prevailing narrative that the Collegium system is a shield against executive interference in judicial appointments. The time may have come for the two sides to come up with fresh clauses in the existing procedure of appointments under which Collegium's decisions are (D) fatigable within a time-frame, and the government's objections and reservations, if any, are made public. Only then can the credibility deficit be bridged. But, even so, what is indisputable is that the Collegium system is deeply flawed, and is in need of urgent remedy.

In the passage given, a sentence (C) is given In Italics. There may or may not be an error in one part of the sentence. Choose the part which has an error in it as your answer. If there is no error then choose option (E) as your answer.

Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.

In modifying its recommendation concerning Justice AA. Kureshi, the Supreme Court Collegium appears to have succumbed to pressure from the Union government. Modifying its resolution of May $10$ that the senior judge be appointed Chief Justice of the Madhya Pradesh High Court, the Collegium has now decided to send him to the Tripura High Court. (A) It was quite $\left(1\right)$ apparent that the Centre was $\left(2\right)$ transfer to the elevation of Justice Kureshi, who is from the Gujarat High Court, but $\left(3\right)$serving in the Bombay High Court on $\left(4\right)$ averse. The government did not act on the recommendation for months, raising the suspicion that it was blocking his appointment. The Collegium modified its decision after considering letters from the Department of Justice on August $23 \mathrm{and} 27$, and "accompanying material". It is not known if the controversy has ended. It is possible that the Collegium and the Centre have arrived at a compromise under which the government drops its opposition to his appointment as Chief Justice on the condition that he is sent to a smaller high court. However, until his appointment as head of the Tripura High Court is notified, there will be _____(B)_____ doubt on whether the latest resolution is in line with the Centre's approval. Under the current procedure, the Collegium may reconsider a recommendation, but the government is bound to implement a decision that is reiterated. (C)/ It is quite acceptable if the Collegium and the government resolve there differences through consultation and correspondence, but the final decision should not be opaque, mysterious and indicative of executive pressure. It is common to charge the Collegium with lack of transparency, but in this case, the government is equally guilty. If the Law Ministry had a bona-fide objection to Justice Kureshi, it could have disclosed its opinion on his suitability. The failure to do so has the inevitable consequence of the public imagination concluding that the ruling party is blocking his elevation because of judicial orders he had passed while serving in Gujarat. As for the Collegium, it is unclear why it could not have disclosed what the government had wanted in its communications. This episode makes a dent in the prevailing narrative that the Collegium system is a shield against executive interference in judicial appointments. The time may have come for the two sides to come up with fresh clauses in the existing procedure of appointments under which Collegium's decisions are (D) fatigable within a time-frame, and the government's objections and reservations, if any, are made public. Only then can the credibility deficit be bridged. But, even so, what is indisputable is that the Collegium system is deeply flawed, and is in need of urgent remedy.

Which of the following word given in the options should come at the place marked (B) in the above article to make it grammatically correct and meaningful?
 

Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.

In modifying its recommendation concerning Justice AA. Kureshi, the Supreme Court Collegium appears to have succumbed to pressure from the Union government. Modifying its resolution of May $10$ that the senior judge be appointed Chief Justice of the Madhya Pradesh High Court, the Collegium has now decided to send him to the Tripura High Court. (A) It was quite $\left(1\right)$ apparent that the Centre was $\left(2\right)$ transfer to the elevation of Justice Kureshi, who is from the Gujarat High Court, but $\left(3\right)$serving in the Bombay High Court on $\left(4\right)$ averse. The government did not act on the recommendation for months, raising the suspicion that it was blocking his appointment. The Collegium modified its decision after considering letters from the Department of Justice on August $23 \mathrm{and} 27$, and "accompanying material". It is not known if the controversy has ended. It is possible that the Collegium and the Centre have arrived at a compromise under which the government drops its opposition to his appointment as Chief Justice on the condition that he is sent to a smaller high court. However, until his appointment as head of the Tripura High Court is notified, there will be _____(B)_____ doubt on whether the latest resolution is in line with the Centre's approval. Under the current procedure, the Collegium may reconsider a recommendation, but the government is bound to implement a decision that is reiterated. (C)/ It is quite acceptable if the Collegium and the government resolve there differences through consultation and correspondence, but the final decision should not be opaque, mysterious and indicative of executive pressure. It is common to charge the Collegium with lack of transparency, but in this case, the government is equally guilty. If the Law Ministry had a bona-fide objection to Justice Kureshi, it could have disclosed its opinion on his suitability. The failure to do so has the inevitable consequence of the public imagination concluding that the ruling party is blocking his elevation because of judicial orders he had passed while serving in Gujarat. As for the Collegium, it is unclear why it could not have disclosed what the government had wanted in its communications. This episode makes a dent in the prevailing narrative that the Collegium system is a shield against executive interference in judicial appointments. The time may have come for the two sides to come up with fresh clauses in the existing procedure of appointments under which Collegium's decisions are (D) fatigable within a time-frame, and the government's objections and reservations, if any, are made public. Only then can the credibility deficit be bridged. But, even so, what is indisputable is that the Collegium system is deeply flawed, and is in need of urgent remedy.

What is the central theme of the passage?

Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.

In modifying its recommendation concerning Justice AA. Kureshi, the Supreme Court Collegium appears to have succumbed to pressure from the Union government. Modifying its resolution of May $10$ that the senior judge be appointed Chief Justice of the Madhya Pradesh High Court, the Collegium has now decided to send him to the Tripura High Court. (A) It was quite $\left(1\right)$ apparent that the Centre was $\left(2\right)$ transfer to the elevation of Justice Kureshi, who is from the Gujarat High Court, but $\left(3\right)$serving in the Bombay High Court on $\left(4\right)$ averse. The government did not act on the recommendation for months, raising the suspicion that it was blocking his appointment. The Collegium modified its decision after considering letters from the Department of Justice on August $23 \mathrm{and} 27$, and "accompanying material". It is not known if the controversy has ended. It is possible that the Collegium and the Centre have arrived at a compromise under which the government drops its opposition to his appointment as Chief Justice on the condition that he is sent to a smaller high court. However, until his appointment as head of the Tripura High Court is notified, there will be _____(B)_____ doubt on whether the latest resolution is in line with the Centre's approval. Under the current procedure, the Collegium may reconsider a recommendation, but the government is bound to implement a decision that is reiterated. (C)/ It is quite acceptable if the Collegium and the government resolve there differences through consultation and correspondence, but the final decision should not be opaque, mysterious and indicative of executive pressure. It is common to charge the Collegium with lack of transparency, but in this case, the government is equally guilty. If the Law Ministry had a bona-fide objection to Justice Kureshi, it could have disclosed its opinion on his suitability. The failure to do so has the inevitable consequence of the public imagination concluding that the ruling party is blocking his elevation because of judicial orders he had passed while serving in Gujarat. As for the Collegium, it is unclear why it could not have disclosed what the government had wanted in its communications. This episode makes a dent in the prevailing narrative that the Collegium system is a shield against executive interference in judicial appointments. The time may have come for the two sides to come up with fresh clauses in the existing procedure of appointments under which Collegium's decisions are (D) fatigable within a time-frame, and the government's objections and reservations, if any, are made public. Only then can the credibility deficit be bridged. But, even so, what is indisputable is that the Collegium system is deeply flawed, and is in need of urgent remedy.

Which of the following replace the word marked (D) to make it contextually correct and meaningful? If no replacement is required, mark option (E).

Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.

In modifying its recommendation concerning Justice A.A. Kureshi, the Supreme Court Collegium appears to have succumbed to pressure from the Union government. Modifying its resolution of May $10$that the senior judge be appointed Chief Justice of the Madhya Pradesh High Court, the Collegium has now decided to send him to the Tripura High Court. (A) It was quite ($1$) apparent that the Centre was ($2$) transfer to the elevation of Justice Kureshi, who is from the Gujarat High Court, but ($3$) serving in the Bombay High Court on ($4$) averse. The government did not act on the recommendation for months, raising the suspicion that it was blocking his appointment. The Collegium modified its decision after considering letters from the Department of Justice on August$23 and 27$, and “accompanying material”. It is not known if the controversy has ended. It is possible that the Collegium and the Centre have arrived at a compromise under which the government drops its opposition to his appointment as Chief Justice on the condition that he is sent to a smaller high court. However, until his appointment as head of the Tripura High Court is notified, there will be a ________(B) _________ doubt on whether the latest resolution is in line with the Centre’s approval. Under the current procedure, the Collegium may reconsider a recommendation, but the government is bound to implement a decision that is reiterated. (C) It is quite acceptable if the Collegium and the government resolve there differences through consultation and correspondence, but the final decision should not be opaque, mysterious and indicative of executive pressure. It is common to charge the Collegium with lack of transparency, but in this  case, the government is equally guilty. If the Law Ministry had a bona-fide objection to Justice Kureshi, it could have disclosed its opinion on his suitability. The failure to do so has the inevitable consequence of the public imagination concluding that the ruling party is blocking his elevation because of judicial orders he had passed while serving in Gujarat. As for the Collegium, it is unclear why it could not have disclosed what the government had wanted in its communications. This episode makes a dent in the prevailing narrative that the Collegium system is a shield against executive interference in judicial appointments. The time may have come for the two sides to come up with fresh clauses in the existing procedure of appointments under which the Collegium’s decisions are (D) fatigable within a time-frame, and the government’s objections and reservations, if any, are made public. Only then can the credibility deficit be bridged. But, even so, what is indisputable is that the Collegium system is deeply flawed, and is in need of urgent remedy.

Which of the following replace the word marked (D) to make it contextually correct and meaningful? If no replacement is required, mark option (E).

Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.

In modifying its recommendation concerning Justice A.A. Kureshi, the Supreme Court Collegium appears to have succumbed to pressure from the Union government. Modifying its resolution of May$10$ that the senior judge be appointed Chief Justice of the Madhya Pradesh High Court, the Collegium has now decided to send him to the Tripura High Court. (A) It was quite ($1$) apparent that the Centre was ($2$) transfer to the elevation of Justice Kureshi, who is from the Gujarat High Court, but $(3$) serving in the Bombay High Court on ($4$) averse. The government did not act on the recommendation for months, raising the suspicion that it was blocking his appointment. The Collegium modified its decision after considering letters from the Department of Justice on August$23 and 27$, and “accompanying material”. It is not known if the controversy has ended. It is possible that the Collegium and the Centre have arrived at a compromise under which the government drops its opposition to his appointment as Chief Justice on the condition that he is sent to a smaller high court. However, until his appointment as head of the Tripura High Court is notified, there will be a ________(B) _________ doubt on whether the latest resolution is in line with the Centre’s approval. Under the current procedure, the Collegium may reconsider a recommendation, but the government is bound to implement a decision that is reiterated. (C) It is quite acceptable if the Collegium and the government resolve there differences through consultation and correspondence, but the final decision should not be opaque, mysterious and indicative of executive pressure. It is common to charge the Collegium with lack of transparency, but in this  case, the government is equally guilty. If the Law Ministry had a bona-fide objection to Justice Kureshi, it could have disclosed its opinion on his suitability. The failure to do so has the inevitable consequence of the public imagination concluding that the ruling party is blocking his elevation because of judicial orders he had passed while serving in Gujarat. As for the Collegium, it is unclear why it could not have disclosed what the government had wanted in its communications. This episode makes a dent in the prevailing narrative that the Collegium system is a shield against executive interference in judicial appointments. The time may have come for the two sides to come up with freshclauses in the existing procedure of appointments under which the Collegium’s decisions are (D) fatigable within a time-frame, and the government’s objections and reservations, if any, are made public. Only then can the credibility deficit be bridged. But, even so, what is indisputable is that the Collegium system is deeply flawed, and is in need of urgent remedy.

What is the central theme of the passage?

Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.

In modifying its recommendation concerning Justice A.A. Kureshi, the Supreme Court Collegium appears to have succumbed to pressure from the Union government. Modifying its resolution of May $10$ that the senior judge be appointed Chief Justice of the Madhya Pradesh High Court, the Collegium has now decided to send him to the Tripura High Court. (A) It was quite ($1$) apparent that the Centre was ($2$) transfer to the elevation of Justice Kureshi, who is from the Gujarat High Court, but ($3$) serving in the Bombay High Court on ($4)$ averse. The government did not act on the recommendation for months, raising the suspicion that it was blocking his appointment. The Collegium modified its decision after considering letters from the Department of Justice on August$23 and 27$, and “accompanying material”. It is not known if the controversy has ended. It is possible that the Collegium and the Centre have arrived at a compromise under which the government drops its opposition to his appointment as Chief Justice on the condition that he is sent to a smaller high court. However, until his appointment as head of the Tripura High Court is notified, there will be a ________(B) _________ doubt on whether the latest resolution is in line with the Centre’s approval. Under the current procedure, the Collegium may reconsider a recommendation, but the government is bound to implement a decision that is reiterated. (C) It is quite acceptable if the Collegium and the government resolve there differences through consultation and correspondence, but the final decision should not be opaque, mysterious and indicative of executive pressure. It is common to charge the Collegium with lack of transparency, but in this  case, the government is equally guilty. If the Law Ministry had a bona-fide objection to Justice Kureshi, it could have disclosed its opinion on his suitability. The failure to do so has the inevitable consequence of the public imagination concluding that the ruling party is blocking his elevation because of judicial orders he had passed while serving in Gujarat. As for the Collegium, it is unclear why it could not have disclosed what the government had wanted in its communications. This episode makes a dent in the prevailing narrative that the Collegium system is a shield against executive interference in judicial appointments. The time may have come for the two sides to come up with fresh clauses in the existing procedure of appointments under which the Collegium’s decisions are (D) fatigable within a time-frame, and the government’s objections and reservations, if any, are made public. Only then can the credibility deficit be bridged. But, even so, what is indisputable is that the Collegium system is deeply flawed, and is in need of urgent remedy.

In the passage given, a sentence (C) is given in italics. There may or may not be an error in one part of the sentence. Choose the part which has an error in it as your answer. If there is no error then choose option (E) as your answer.

Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.

In modifying its recommendation concerning Justice A.A. Kureshi, the Supreme Court Collegium appears to have succumbed to pressure from the Union government. Modifying its resolution of May $10$ that the senior judge be appointed Chief Justice of the Madhya Pradesh High Court, the Collegium has now decided to send him to the Tripura High Court. (A) It was quite ($1$) apparent that the Centre was ($2$) transfer to the elevation of Justice Kureshi, who is from the Gujarat High Court, but ($3$) serving in the Bombay High Court on ($4$) averse. The government did not act on the recommendation for months, raising the suspicion that it was blocking his appointment. The Collegium modified its decision after considering letters from the Department of Justice on August $23 and 27,$ and “accompanying material”. It is not known if the controversy has ended. It is possible that the Collegium and the Centre have arrived at a compromise under which the government drops its opposition to his appointment as Chief Justice on the condition that he is sent to a smaller high court. However, until his appointment as head of the Tripura High Court is notified, there will be a ________(B) _________ doubt on whether the latest resolution is in line with the Centre’s approval. Under the current procedure, the Collegium may reconsider a recommendation, but the government is bound to implement a decision that is reiterated. (C) It is quite acceptable if the Collegium and the government resolve there differences through consultation and correspondence, but the final decision should not be opaque, mysterious and indicative of executive pressure. It is common to charge the Collegium with lack of transparency, but in this case, the government is equally guilty. If the Law Ministry had a bona-fide objection to Justice Kureshi, it could have disclosed its opinion on his suitability. The failure to do so has the inevitable consequence of the public imagination concluding that the ruling party is blocking his elevation because of judicial orders he had passed while serving in Gujarat. As for the Collegium, it is unclear why it could not have disclosed what the government had wanted in its communications. This episode makes a dent in the prevailing narrative that the Collegium system is a shield against executive interference in judicial appointments. The time may have come for the two sides to come up with freshclauses in the existing procedure of appointments under which the Collegium’s decisions are (D) fatigable within a time-frame, and the government’s objections and reservations, if any, are made public. Only then can the credibility deficit be bridged. But, even so, what is indisputable is that the Collegium system is deeply flawed, and is in need of urgent remedy.

Which of the following word given in the options should come at the place marked (B) in the above article to make it grammatically correct and meaningful?

Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.

In modifying its recommendation concerning Justice A.A. Kureshi, the Supreme Court Collegium appears to have succumbed to pressure from the Union government. Modifying its resolution of $May 10$that the senior judge be appointed Chief Justice of the Madhya Pradesh High Court, the Collegium has now decided to send him to the Tripura High Court. (A) It was quite ($1$) apparent that the Centre was ($2$) transfer to the elevation of Justice Kureshi, who is from the Gujarat High Court, but ($3$) serving in the Bombay High Court on ($4$) averse. The government did not act on the recommendation for months, raising the suspicion that it was blocking his appointment. The Collegium modified its decision after considering letters from the Department of Justice on August $23 and 27,$and “accompanying material”. It is not known if the controversy has ended. It is possible that the Collegium and the Centre have arrived at a compromise under which the government drops its opposition to his appointment as Chief Justice on the condition that he is sent to a smaller high court. However, until his appointment as head of the Tripura High Court is notified, there will be a ________(B) _________ doubt on whether the latest resolution is in line with the Centre’s approval. Under the current procedure, the Collegium may reconsider a recommendation, but the government is bound to implement a decision that is reiterated. (C) It is quite acceptable if the Collegium and the government resolve there differences through consultation and correspondence, but the final decision should not be opaque, mysterious and indicative of executive pressure. It is common to charge the Collegium with lack of transparency, but in this  case, the government is equally guilty. If the Law Ministry had a bona-fide objection to Justice Kureshi, it could have disclosed its opinion on his suitability. The failure to do so has the inevitable consequence of the public imagination concluding that the ruling party is blocking his elevation because of judicial orders he had passed while serving in Gujarat. As for the Collegium, it is unclear why it could not have disclosed what the government had wanted in its communications. This episode makes a dent in the prevailing narrative that the Collegium system is a shield against executive interference in judicial appointments. The time may have come for the two sides to come up with freshclauses in the existing procedure of appointments under which the Collegium’s decisions are (D) fatigable within a time-frame, and the government’s objections and reservations, if any, are made public. Only then can the credibility deficit be bridged. But, even so, what is indisputable is that the Collegium system is deeply flawed, and is in need of urgent remedy.

The sentence given in (A) has four words given in bold. Amongst the given bold words which of the following must replace each other to make the sentence contextually correct and meaningful.
 

Read the passage carefully and answer the questions given below it. There are some blanks given in the passage based on which some questions are framed, and some words are highlighted as well to help you answer some of the questions.

But international support for the Amazon has been tepid. This was clear last month in Altamira, northern Brazil, at the aptly named Amazon: Centre of the World gathering. (A) In the days before the meeting, right wing agitators (1) called for farmers, cattle ranchers(2), police and other “patriots” to mobilise against sovereignty (3) communities, environmentalists and human rights groups taking part, that they claimed were “eco-socialists” working for international interests against Brazil’s traditional (4) and economic development. These messages were enough to spook two foreign organisations – a huge environmental NGO and one of the world’s biggest foundations – who pulled out of the event., rather than risk becoming embroiled in a potentially tense stand-off. Other foreign groups were uncowed. For domestic activists, threats are a fact of life – and they find their own way to deal with them. At the opening session, a group of land grabbers – some wrapped in the Brazilian flag – shoved their way to the front, jostled the speakers and disrupted proceedings. They were pushed back by Kayapo warriors in war paint, while other activists formed a human barrier to enable the speakers to continue. (B) It was symbolic:/ white farmers attempting to take over;/ Amazon dwellers defending their space,/ while prominent international supporters ran scared. / (C) This is a shame on our generation. The Amazon (along with the Congo and Papua New Guinea, the oceans and other capitals of nature) should be as central to-------------------------- . Back then, working-class idealists joined public intellectuals in the fight against fascism. George Orwell, Martha Gellhorn, WH Auden, Pablo Neruda, Emma Goldman and Ernest Hemingway were among tens of thousands who risked their lives reporting on the fighting or taking part in it as members of the International Brigade. Some saw it as a civilisation-defining moment. Others described it in apocalyptic terms as “the last great cause”. For Orwell– who was shot in the conflict – it was simply a fight for “common decency”. Unlike then, the threat to civilisation and decency is not a new ideology, but the accumulated consequences of the old one. Bolsonaro, Donald Trump, Vladimir Putin, Rodrigo Duterte, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and other populists may often resemble fascists, but actually theyare arch-capitalists. Their main appeal to voters comes not from a twisted vision of a future but from a promise to turn back the clock to a more stable age. This is impossible, because manmade climate chaos is increasingly disrupting more lives and economic activity. Until governments deal with that, all other battles will be futile. That is why defence of the Amazon – and the broader struggle to restore nature – is today’s “last great cause”. Move this issue from the periphery to the centre and everything – global politics, economics and individual thinking – changes. (D) Ecology will be seen (1) as more representation (2) than economy, long- term fertility (3) will come ahead of destructive GDP growth, ecocide will be punishable in criminal courts, future generations and other species will be given democratic fundamental (4), and school curriculums will teach children how to maintain our home, planet Earth. That may seem a distant prospect. The forces lined up against such a radical but necessary shift in thinking have more political power and force of arms. The same was true in the Spanish civil war. Then, the antifascists lost the war but, as the great historian Eric Hobsbawm noted, they won the battle for ideas.(E) With so many writers, poets and journalists/ on their side, the losers got to write the history for a change /– and these shaped the debate for the bigger conflict /that was to come in the second world war. Similarly, the battle for the Amazon cannot be won on the ground with guns and bombs, but it can be shaped by opinions, money, consumer choices, street protests and international pressure. It is no longer enough for today’s intellectuals, celebrities and other opinion formers to declare support for the rainforest on social networks. More people need to get out from behind their screens, to feel what nature provides and how it is being lost.

Which of the following phrase should fill the blank (C) to make it contextually and grammatically correct and meaningful?

Read the passage carefully and answer the questions given below it. There are some blanks given in the passage based on which some questions are framed, and some words are highlighted as well to help you answer some of the questions.

But international support for the Amazon has been tepid. This was clear last month in Altamira, northern Brazil, at the aptly named Amazon: Centre of the World gathering. (A) In the days before the meeting, right wing agitators (1) called for farmers, cattle ranchers(2), police and other “patriots” to mobilise against sovereignty (3) communities, environmentalists and human rights groups taking part, that they claimed were “eco-socialists” working for international interests against Brazil’s traditional (4) and economic development. These messages were enough to spook two foreign organisations – a huge environmental NGO and one of the world’s biggest foundations – who pulled out of the event., rather than risk becoming embroiled in a potentially tense stand-off. Other foreign groups were uncowed. For domestic activists, threats are a fact of life – and they find their own way to deal with them. At the opening session, a group of land grabbers – some wrapped in the Brazilian flag – shoved their way to the front, jostled the speakers and disrupted proceedings. They were pushed back by Kayapo warriors in war paint, while other activists formed a human barrier to enable the speakers to continue. (B) It was symbolic:/ white farmers attempting to take over;/ Amazon dwellers defending their space,/ while prominent international supporters ran scared. / (C) This is a shame on our generation. The Amazon (along with the Congo and Papua New Guinea, the oceans and other capitals of nature) should be as central to-------------------------- . Back then, working-class idealists joined public intellectuals in the fight against fascism. George Orwell, Martha Gellhorn, WH Auden, Pablo Neruda, Emma Goldman and Ernest Hemingway were among tens of thousands who risked their lives reporting on the fighting or taking part in it as members of the International Brigade. Some saw it as a civilisation-defining moment. Others described it in apocalyptic terms as “the last great cause”. For Orwell– who was shot in the conflict – it was simply a fight for “common decency”. Unlike then, the threat to civilisation and decency is not a new ideology, but the accumulated consequences of the old one. Bolsonaro, Donald Trump, Vladimir Putin, Rodrigo Duterte, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and other populists may often resemble fascists, but actually theyare arch-capitalists. Their main appeal to voters comes not from a twisted vision of a future but from a promise to turn back the clock to a more stable age. This is impossible, because manmade climate chaos is increasingly disrupting more lives and economic activity. Until governments deal with that, all other battles will be futile. That is why defence of the Amazon – and the broader struggle to restore nature – is today’s “last great cause”. Move this issue from the periphery to the centre and everything – global politics, economics and individual thinking – changes. (D) Ecology will be seen (1) as more representation (2) than economy, long- term fertility (3) will come ahead of destructive GDP growth, ecocide will be punishable in criminal courts, future generations and other species will be given democratic fundamental (4), and school curriculums will teach children how to maintain our home, planet Earth. That may seem a distant prospect. The forces lined up against such a radical but necessary shift in thinking have more political power and force of arms. The same was true in the Spanish civil war. Then, the antifascists lost the war but, as the great historian Eric Hobsbawm noted, they won the battle for ideas.(E) With so many writers, poets and journalists/ on their side, the losers got to write the history for a change /– and these shaped the debate for the bigger conflict /that was to come in the second world war. Similarly, the battle for the Amazon cannot be won on the ground with guns and bombs, but it can be shaped by opinions, money, consumer choices, street protests and international pressure. It is no longer enough for today’s intellectuals, celebrities and other opinion formers to declare support for the rainforest on social networks. More people need to get out from behind their screens, to feel what nature provides and how it is being lost.

In the above passage, sentence (E) may or may not have an error in one part of the sentence, select the part having error in it as your answer.